CJC-1295 is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Updated 2025-09-08. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed to mimic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), the endogenous signal that prompts the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. The compound is a modified fragment of the natural hormone, spanning the first twenty-nine amino acids of GHRH with several substitutions that slow enzymatic breakdown. Two variants circulate in research settings: one carrying a drug affinity complex (DAC) and one without it. The DAC-free form is frequently labelled Mod GRF(1-29) in catalogs and discussion forums.
The peptide binds GHRH receptors on somatotroph cells within the anterior pituitary, triggering a signalling cascade that increases growth hormone secretion. Its improved resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase IV degradation distinguishes it from the parent hormone. In the DAC-bearing version, a maleimide group reacts with a cysteine residue on serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in circulation far longer. That albumin attachment is the central design feature separating the two research variants.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight (with DAC) | ~3647 Da | Calculated from the full amino acid sequence |
| Molecular weight (without DAC) | ~3368 Da | Mod GRF(1-29) variant |
| Appearance | White lyophilized powder | Typical form supplied for research |
| Solubility | Soluble in water | Dissolves in aqueous buffers |
| Receptor target | GHRH receptor | Expressed on pituitary somatotroph cells |
Lyophilized peptide powder is comparatively stable when kept dry, cold, and protected from light. Once dissolved, the molecule is vulnerable to deamidation, oxidation, and aggregation, with the rate depending on pH, buffer composition, and temperature. Alkaline conditions and repeated freeze-thaw cycles accelerate loss of the intact peptide. The methionine present in the native sequence is a known oxidation site, which is one reason it was replaced in the modified fragment. Suppliers typically recommend cold storage of solutions and use within a short window.
Analytical confirmation usually relies on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for purity and on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for identity. Mass data reveal the expected molecular mass and can flag truncated or oxidized species. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping provide sequence-level verification. Immunoassays are used in some biological matrices, but antibodies raised against one releasing-hormone analog may cross-react with another. Reported purity figures depend heavily on the method used, so comparisons between suppliers require matching the analytical approach.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. Its sequence corresponds to the first twenty-nine residues of human GHRH, with four substitutions that slow enzymatic breakdown. Early descriptions placed the compound in research on growth hormone deficiency and related conditions, and later literature groups it with the long-acting GHRH analogs. The name appears in both laboratory and popular fitness writing, where it sometimes labels chemically different peptides.
Two related peptides circulate under the CJC-1295 label, and they differ mainly in how long they persist in circulation. The version carrying a drug affinity complex includes a maleimidopropionic acid linker that forms a covalent bond with serum albumin. The other version, usually written as modified GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29), lacks that linker and is cleared quickly. Mixing the two produces inconsistent readings of published half-life values, because the linker rather than the receptor-facing sequence drives most of the difference.
The core sequence keeps the receptor-binding region of GHRH while replacing four positions that are vulnerable to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and other proteases. Substitutions at positions 2, 8, 15, and 27 raise metabolic stability relative to the natural hormone. The N-terminal residues remain essential for activity, so changes there generally lower potency. Molecular weight sits near 3368 daltons for the tetrasubstituted analog without the linker, while the albumin-binding form is heavier because of the added maleimide group.
== Mechanism of action == An average dairy cow begins her lactation with a moderate daily level of milk production. This daily output increases until, at about 70 days into the lactation, production peaks. From that time until the cow is dry, production slowly decreases. This increase and decrease in production is partially caused by the count of milk-producing cells in the udder. Cell counts begin at a moderate number, increase during the first part of the lactation, then decrease as the lactation proceeds. Once lost, these cells generally do not regrow until the next lactation. Administration of rBST or BST prior to peak production, in cows that are well-fed, slows the rate at which the number of mammary cells decreases, and increases the amount of nutrients directed away from fat and toward the mammary cells, leading to an extension of peak milk production. The effects are mediated by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, which is upregulated in response to BST or rBST administration in well-fed cows.
Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II East African campaign North African campaign Operation Compass Operation Battleaxe Operation Crusader First Battle of El Alamein Second Battle of El Alamein Anglo-Iraqi War Syria-Lebanon campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Italian campaign Battle of Monte Cassino Battle of Hong Kong Battle of Malaya Battle of Singapore Burma Campaign Battle of Kohima Battle of Imphal
The second type of browning, non-enzymatic browning, is a process that also produces the brown pigmentation in foods but without the activity of enzymes. The two main forms of non-enzymatic browning are caramelization and the Maillard reaction. Both vary in the reaction rate as a function of water activity (in food chemistry, the standard state of water activity is most often defined as the partial vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature). Caramelization is a process involving the pyrolysis of sugar. It is used extensively in cooking for the desired nutty flavor and brown color. As the process occurs, volatile chemicals are released, producing the characteristic caramel flavor.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive drug globally. It is mainly used for its eugeroic (wakefulness promoting), ergogenic (physical performance-enhancing), or nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) properties (particularly in workplace settings); it is also used recreationally, often in social settings. Caffeine acts by blocking the binding of adenosine at a number of adenosine receptor types, inhibiting the centrally depressant effects of adenosine and enhancing the release of acetylcholine. Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine, which allows it to bind and block its receptors. Caffeine also increases cyclic AMP levels through nonselective inhibition of phosphodiesterase, increases calcium release from intracellular stores, and antagonizes GABA receptors, although these mechanisms typically occur at concentrations beyond usual human consumption. Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It is found in the seeds, fruits, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to Africa, East Asia, and South America and helps to protect them against herbivores and from competition by preventing the germination of nearby seeds, as well as encouraging consumption by select animals such as honey bees.
== Overdose == Excessive doses of escitalopram usually cause relatively minor untoward effects, such as agitation and tachycardia. However, dyskinesia, hypertonia, and clonus may occur in some cases. Severe side effects of escitalopram overdose include seizures (which may be delayed), cardiovascular toxicity including QRS/QTc prolongation which can lead to arrhythmias (Torsades de pointes, ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia), hypertension, and serotonin syndrome. Treatment of escitalopram overdoses typically involves supportive care, such as giving activated charcoal or giving benzodiazepines for seizures. Because of the risk of arrhythmias (which may be delayed) prolonged cardiac monitoring is strongly recommended.
==== Children ==== Pentamidine can be used in the prevention of PCP in children with HIV who cannot tolerate Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole and can use a nebulizer. Intranvenous solutions of pentamidine should only be used in children with HIV older than 2 years old when other treatments are unavailable
== Brief history == In the genetic code, there are 43 = 64 possible codons (three-nucleotide sequences). For translation, each of these codons requires a tRNA molecule with an anticodon with which it can stably complement. If each tRNA molecule is paired with its complementary mRNA codon using canonical Watson–Crick base pairing, then 64 types of tRNA molecule would be required. In the standard genetic code, three of these 64 mRNA codons (UAA, UAG and UGA) are stop codons. These terminate translation by binding to release factors rather than tRNA molecules, so canonical pairing would require 61 species of tRNA. Since most organisms have fewer than 45 types of tRNA, some tRNA types can pair with multiple, synonymous codons, all of which encode the same amino acid. In 1966, Francis Crick proposed the Wobble Hypothesis to account for this. He postulated that the 5' base on the anticodon, which binds to the 3' base on the mRNA, was not as spatially confined as the other two bases and could, thus, have non-standard base pairing. Crick creatively named it for the small amount of "play" or wobble that occurs at this third codon position. Movement ("wobble") of the base in the 5' anticodon position is necessary for small conformational adjustments that affect the overall pairing geometry of anticodons of tRNA. As an example, yeast tRNAPhe has the anticodon 5'-GmAA-3' and can recognize the codons 5'-UUC-3' and 5'-UUU-3'.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
"p53 Knowledgebase". Lane Group at the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Singapore. Archived from the original on 2006-01-03. Retrieved 2008-04-06. GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Li-Fraumeni Syndrome TUMOR PROTEIN p53 @ OMIM p53 restoration of function p53 @ The Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology TP53 Gene @ GeneCards p53 News provided by insciences organisation Goodsel DS (2002-07-01). "p53 Tumor Suppressor". Molecule of the Month. RCSB Protein Data Bank. Retrieved 2008-04-06. Soussi T. "p53 Web Site". Retrieved 2008-04-06. Living LFS A non-profit Li-Fraumeni Syndrome patient support organization The George Pantziarka TP53 Trust A support group from the UK for people with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome or other TP53-related disorders IARC TP53 Somatic Mutations database maintained at IARC, Lyon, by Magali Olivier PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human P53. scientific animation conformational changes of p53 upon binding to DNA
=== Ending manufacture === Citing health concerns, several manufacturing companies have ended or stated that they plan to end the sale of PFAS or products that contain them. These companies include W. L. Gore & Associates (the maker of Gore-Tex), Patagonia, REI, H&M, and 3M. An alternative for some companies may have been to move production to countries such as Thailand and India, where there is less regulation.
== Awards and honors == 1976–1981 - N.I.H. Research Career Development Award 1975, 1992 - Kaiser Permanente Award for Excellence in Teaching 1996–1997 - President, Biophysical Society 1997 - Distinguished Lecturer, Beckman Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1999 - Distinguished Service Award, Biophysical Society 2000 - Athalie Clarke Research Achievement Award, Outstanding Researcher, UCI College of Medicine 2001 - Fellow, Biophysical Society 2002 - César Milstein Plenary Lecture, XIVth International Biophysics Congress 2006 - Keynote Lecture, Gordon Research Conference on Biopolymers 2008 - Ph.D. honoris causa, Stockholm University 2009 - Avanti Award in Lipids, Biophysical Society 2009 - Bioengineering Distinguished Speaker, University of California at Riverside 2010 - Matrone Distinguished Lecture in Biochemistry, North Carolina State University 2010 - Cátedra de Investigación Científica, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí 2010 - Frederic M. Richards Lecture, Yale 2011 - O'Malley Lectures in Chemical Biology, Boston College 2014 - Carl Brändén Award, The Protein Society 2016 - Fellow, Neutron Scattering Society of America 2018 - Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science 2019 - University of Kansas Newmark Award Lecture 2022 - UCI School of Medicine, Lifetime Research Achievement Award for Excellence in Basic Science research.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The synthetic peptide keeps the receptor-binding region of GHRH but carries substitutions that resist enzymatic cleavage. In the DAC version, an added group also anchors the molecule to albumin, extending its presence in the bloodstream.
The maleimide group forms a covalent link with albumin, an abundant blood protein. This attachment slows clearance, so a single administration persists much longer than the unmodified peptide. The feature is the main reason the two variants are handled differently in study design.
It is not an approved therapeutic product in major regulatory jurisdictions. It appears in research chemical catalogs and scientific literature rather than pharmacy shelves. Clinical development was limited and did not reach approval.
It is a synthetic peptide analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Four substitutions in its sequence make it more resistant to enzymatic degradation than the natural hormone. In the version carrying a drug affinity complex, the peptide binds albumin and remains in circulation for days.